Applying Social Science Theories in Research - 679 Words

Theories in the social sciences are usually created like theories in the hard sciences first by observation and empirical testing and then by drawing educated conclusions. After a series of empirical tests have been conducted and a sufficient body of research has been gathered, it may be possible to devise a theory based on the research. Alternatively, a social scientist might come up with the theory first and then go about observing the world through this theoretical lens. From there, the social scientist can create empirical research designs that test and substantiate the theory. There are therefore inductive and deductive methods of devising theories in the social sciences. The social scientist will observe a behavior or phenomenon and deem it worthy of research. A potential cause-and-effect hypothesis might emerge after an exploration of research questions. For example, a sociologist might notice that people living in one city are more likely to smile than people living in another city and wants to find out whether there are variables that might cause this difference. Some theories will be broader, and are then called paradigms. Paradigms differ from theories in that they are not usually testable directly using empirical methods. However, a research hypothesis can be built from within a paradigm. Social scientists also develop differently depending on whether they are grand or mid-range theories. Grand theories are often created after examining a broad set of data andShow MoreRelatedEssay on Political Science864 Words   |  4 Pagesof Political Science being an actual science. Furthermore, there are opposing viewpoints between political science scho lars as to the discipline being a social science or a synthesis of natural and social science. One such academic; Charles Merriam asserts that political science has the characteristics of both sciences, because it adapt the study of human behavior to provide an analysis of political institutions. Political scientists in theory espouse the notion that political science borrows elementsRead MoreEssay about historical theory850 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is nursing Science? According to Barnett, nursing science is an identifiable with distinct knowledge that comprise of frameworks, theory and paradigms. In order to understand nursing science, I will discuss the historical development and explain the relationship between nursing profession and nursing science. Also, I will discuss how other disciplines can influence nursing science. This will help understand how theoretical thinking has evolved. Theory development and theory thinking was firstRead MoreFundamentals of Research Methodology1216 Words   |  5 PagesFundamentals of Research Methodology Paper Psychology is a discipline which seeks to study the thoughts and actions of men in a scientific way. Science is a marvelous development in the history of human thought. The American Heritage Dictionary defines psychology as the science dealing with the mind, mental and emotional processes, and the science of human behavior. It defines science as systemized knowledge derived from observations and study. Scientific study is a way of understandingRead MoreScientific Principles Of The Work Of Wilhelm Wundt Essay966 Words   |  4 PagesThis essay will look at scientific principles used today to perform psychological research and find similarities and differences of that research style in the work of Wilhelm Wundt; this will be done through looking at his approach to psychology, his lab and the impact he had on psychology in general. The essay will then consider the Gestaltists approach to psychology by looking at their main beliefs, experiments and their legacy and link it to the scientific principles. Finally, it will summarizeRead MoreIs Science Rational? Essay1526 Words   |  7 Pagestopics of study, â€Å"Science† being one of them. We make presumptions, based on either reasonable evidence or that our thoughts and ideas are known as true by others. Through this we have come to understand and define science as its aims, leaving its definition, whether consciously or unconsciously, unchallenged. We have taken advantage of the label that we have set for science, as well as its goals, and failed to look at them further. So what do we consider Science? Pure? ObjectiveRead MoreSocietal Factors Of Scientific Research Essay1207 Words   |  5 PagesSocietal Factors in Scientific Research Science has clearly influenced the larger society from both a social and technological standpoint. Climate change is a hotly debated issue in the current political arena due to the conclusions that climate scientists have drawn from data, and the modern ease of communication between people around different parts of the globe was made possible by applying scientific principles of electromagnetism and quantum mechanics. While science has undoubtedly changed societyRead MoreA Career as a Political Scientist Essay1635 Words   |  7 Pages The career that I decided to do my research on is a Political Scientist. I chose this career because it’s something I would want to do for the rest of my life. Politics has a great role in American society. As a political scientist you make the people’s voices heard and help up hold the foundations of democracy; whether that is as an elected official, or as an analyst helping senators make key decisions on a bill about to pass in their state, Political scientists make a difference. History Read MoreCommon Criticisms in Psychology Paper1486 Words   |  6 Pagesartificiality of inventive conditions in experimental environments is a repeated concern. How real can laboratory-based research be? This paper will explain the criticism of artificiality in the discipline of psychology and apply this criticism to at least three sub disciplines within psychology. This paper will also compare and contrast the breakthrough model of scientific research and the principle of connectivity in explaining events and outcomes; finally ending with comparing and contrasting theRead MoreResearch Paper1041 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Process and Terminology Introduction Terminology and comprehending field specific terminology is crucial no matter what field a person is in. Terminology field is specific in differentiate terms that might find associations to other fields of study or the spoken English language. Experts use terminologies categorize the academic information making sure that it is relevant to study. Criminology and criminal justice also have their own set of terminology in topics regarded to the theoriesRead MoreNew Mexico State University Is The Oldest And Largest Higher Education Institution Essay1028 Words   |  5 PagesNMSU or New Mexico State, is the oldest and largest higher education institution in the state. This land-grant, research university was created in the late 1890s and is located in Las Cruces, New Mexico. The main campus is 900 acres and enroll over 15,000 students every year. There are satellite campuses in the cities of Grants, Carlsbad, Alamogordo and Dona Ana. There are also research centers in various location s an extension campus office located in all of New Mexico s counties. New Mexico State

Symbolism in The Great Gatsby Essays - 790 Words

Symbolism The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald is bursting with symbols and motifs. Looking deeper into these symbols will uncover the abstract and intangible themes and messages portrayed throughout the novel. The green light at the end of Daisy’s dock as well as T.J Eckleburg’s eyes overlooking the Valley of Ashes and the discrepancy between not only the characters of East and West Egg but the social class and standard of living they abide by. By uncovering all of these symbols and exposing them in their true light, a better understanding of the messages F. Scott Fitzgerald is revealing can be obtained. The confusion within the Great Gatsby can deciphered and straightened out. The green light represents everything to†¦show more content†¦He even threw extravagant parties, inviting anybody from anywhere to gain the feeling of acceptance and popularity. The green light is symbolic of Gatsby’s dream, unattainable yet perpetual, that can be found inside ev eryone. The Valley of Ashes in it of itself is a separate world from the two Eggs. Described as bleak, grotesque and desolate, it serves as a reality check, that there are people out there less fortunate than the characters form East and West Egg. This is where George and Myrtle Wilson reside and it is also the resting place of the eyes of T.J Eckleburg. In chapter seven, T.J Eckleburg, a pair of eyes on a billboard ad, is described as â€Å"watchful vigil† which clearly attaches him with a religious meaning. The religious meaning being the eyes of God, especially pertaining to George Wilson. Each character in The Great Gatsby is guided by their personal ethic and, yet Nick has the final word and his judgment is superior. Since the events are through his eyes there is no objectivity. Although George Wilson invokes God by saying, â€Å"God sees everything† and â€Å"you can’t fool God† and indicts each character in the novel through the eyes of T.J Ecklebu rg. Nick is the only other character that besides George to recognize him this. His eyes are also a reminder of guilt, overseeing Tom’s affairs and Myrtle’s death which in turn leads to Gatsby’s death. Besides just the Valley of Ashes, the difference of West Egg and East Egg plays an important role inShow MoreRelatedSymbolism In The Great Gatsby1029 Words   |  5 Pagestheir social status. In The Great Gatsby, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, the idea of wealth is seen throughout. Jay Gatsby, who lives next door to Nick Carraway; the Narrator of the story, wants to be with his dream girl Daisy. Gatsby is wealthy and throws parties to impress Daisy. Daisy however, is married to another man Tom Buchanan. Throughout the story the people with money use it to create their social status. In The Great Gatsby F.Scott Fitzgerald uses symbolism to convey, wealth causes peopleRead MoreSymbolism in the Great Gatsby2513 Words   |  11 PagesSymbolism in The Great Gatsby In the novel The Great Gatsby by Francis Scott Fitzgerald there are many different kinds of symbols used. Fitzgerald uses colors and material luxuries as the two main symbols in the novel. The author uses these symbols most frequently in the novel. The symbolism is carefully incorporated within the novel which makes it hard to detect at first glance. Within these symbols Fitzgerald mainly expresses feelings and the American Dream. Fitzgerald uses colors like an artistRead MoreSymbolism In The Great Gatsby2223 Words   |  9 PagesThe Great Gatsby is a novel written by Scott Fitzgerald in 1925. Soctt Fitzgerald was an American novelist in the 1920’s. Fitzgerald had a problem with alcoholism, which finally was the reason he died. This problem that Fitzgerald had is currently showed in the novel The Great Gatsby, in which alcohol makes part of almost every part of the book, in parties and meetings. The novel portrays the high-class society life during the 1920 ´s. It takes place in New York City. During the 1920’s in the UnitedRead More Symbolism in The Great Gatsby Essay867 Words   |  4 PagesGatsby Essay Symbols are objects, characters, figures, or colors used to represent abstract ideas or concepts. For example, a dove is usually used to represent peace. In the novel The Great Gatsby, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, Fitzgerald uses a lot of symbolism to connect the characters with each other or to other objects. Fitzgerald’s use of symbolism helps advance his thematic interest in his novel of The Great Gatsby. In the Great Gatsby, F. Scott Fitzgerald uses various colors, objectsRead MoreEssay Symbolism in The Great Gatsby864 Words   |  4 PagesIn the novel, The Great Gatsby, there is lots of reflection on symbolism, and especially colored symbolism. In this novel symbolism is a very important factor, it shows the difference between the different characters and scenes in the novel. The color green influences the story a lot. Green shows many thoughts, ideas, attitudes, and choices that Gatsby has throughout the story. White too plays an even more important role in the novel as it is used to represent some of the characters, it also talksRead More Symbolism in The Great Gatsby Essay551 Words   |  3 PagesThe Great Gatsby Symbols Throughout the book the Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, there are many examples of very simple things that have a deeper meaning or represent more than meets the eye. The book is narrated by Nick Carraway, and is about a man named Gatsby who throws huge parties where he doesn’t even make an appearance, all in an attempt to win back his lost lover Daisy who is married to Tom Buchanan. Gatsby is a big figure in the book and he uses many objects around him to representRead MoreEssay on Symbolism on the Great Gatsby1179 Words   |  5 Pagescomplex than it seems. Whereas a symbol as complicated as the â€Å"eye† can mean more than it’s suggested for. Throughout The Great Gatsby symbolism represent color, the existence of eyes and money. The color symbolism is repetitive throughout the novel. The colors represent the different characters personality and their actions. An important symbolic color in The Great Gatsby is the green light. The color green itself is associated with spring, money, hope and youth. The green light stands for somethingRead MoreThe Great Gatsby Symbolism Analysis759 Words   |  4 Pages Fizgerald’s novel The Great Gatsby tells the story of Gatsby’s romance, tragedy and dramatic life, reflecting the glamor of the glitz and the loss of the Jazz era. In the novel, the author makes extensive use of symbolic techniques to express his profound thoughts and themes. The extensive use of symbolism not only enriches the connotation of the article but also reveals the theme in more depth and embodies the author’s mature artistic creation skills. The green light from the East Egg, whichRead MoreThe Great Gatsby Symbolism Essay1321 Words   |  6 Pagesdaily basis. Cars are a major expense and luxury for adults presently. For many, these cars are symbolic of their success in achieving their American Dream having money. The American Dream during the ‘roaring ‘20s’ is a major topic in the story The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald. The troubles Tom and Daisy Buchanan, an upper class couple, are experiencing lead the narrator, Nick Carraway, into many sticky situations. Soon after Nick moved into his modest home amongst some of the most lavish in NewRead MoreColor Symbolism In The Great Gatsby802 Words   |  4 Pages In Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, color symbolism is stronger throughout the entire book. There are multiple colors that allow the book to come together as a whole. There can be many different interpretations or opinions on which colors are important. The color symbolism in The Great Gatsby is represented by the colors green, gold, and black. Green is the color that begins the story. A man not known in the beginning, but surely known at end by the name of Jay Gatsby, reaching out to an â€Å"incorruptible

Centralised And Decentralised Bargaining †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Centralised And Decentralised Bargaining? Answer: Introduction: The sustainability of any business depends on the management of labour and employment in the workplace. Structure of labour management and employment relations construct the pathway of fewer amounts of conflicts in industrial relations of any organisation (Hirsch et al., 2014). Issue associated with labour management are the issues related with industrial relations and employment relations embedded in the core structure of an organisation. Progress of any organisation can occur effectively minimising the negative effects caused by different industrial and employment issues associated with each and every operation level of the organisation. Resolution system is a concept that manages industrial relations and notifies the employees of their job roles (Hessami and Baskaran 2015). Various organisations operate in various fields, consisting of different employees coming from different background. Therefore in order to manage the industrial and employment relations properly within an organ isation, one resolution system is not enough. Sometimes it is observed that resolution systems of an organisation incorporate many disputes that ultimately affect industrial relations and employment relations (McBride, Hebson and Holgate 2015). Due to discontent among employees certain negative impacts occur in the organisation, like strikes actions and others. These disputes in resolutions can be eliminated through different approaches (Townsend, Wilkinson and Burgess 2013). One of the common approaches is collective bargaining that allows both the employer and the employee to negotiate a satisfactory employment relationship and to reduce any kind of labour disputes. Purpose of this assessment is to find out the effectiveness of bargaining in industrial and employment relations. The advantages and disadvantages of two kind of bargaining process have been discussed in the following assessment. Concept of Bargaining in Employment Relations: Terms and conditions of employment relationships are built on the basis of negotiations (Pekarek and Gahan 2016). This process of negotiation between the employer and employee is called bargaining. Bargaining comes into play when there is a substantial amount of dispute in the resolution system of an organisation. Various conflicting interests are reconciled through collective bargaining (Dahl, Le Maire and Munch 2013). Bargaining process constructs the labour relations of an organisation by recognizing the goals and objectives of the organisation and realising general and mutual interests. The process of bargaining in an organisation depends on the structure of bargaining, since the information about indirect and direct members of labour accord are detailed in the structure (Addison, Portugal and Vilares 2015). The structure is also helpful roles and outcomes of the management and unions are reflected through it. Often it has been seen that employers and unions prefer the centralised model of bargaining and the employees prefer decentralised model of bargaining (McBride, Hebson and Holgate 2015). The bargaining is a process of negotiation, where employers and employees present in a group to negotiate various terms and conditions. Through the negotiation process scopes for compromise, discussion and mutual exchange increase (Cazes, Khatiwada and Malo 2012). In the process of resolving an issue, the bargaining process follows an exclusive format that starts with a proper presentation of demands of the employees, channels through analysis and discussions between the authority and union of employees and ends with the formation of an agreement which develops the regulations for management of employees for a certain period of time (Bailey and Peetz 2013). Bargaining is a dynamic process that keeps changing at certain intervals. The process is complementary as well as continuous. Both the parties of negotiation have some requirements from the other parties, like employees require better pay structure from the employers and the employers require better labour from the employees. The process elevates industrial democracy within an organisation, using understanding and collaboration between different operational bodies. Steps of Collective Bargaining Process: Bargaining process follows 5 general phases. These phases are preparation, discussion, proposal, negotiation and settlement (Van Wanrooy et al. 2013.). In preparation phase, negotiation team from both the parties have been developed the topics of negotiation have been finalised by examining the situations of respective parties and raising the issues. Discussion phase is associated with preparation of terms that will guide the negotiations (Traxler and Brandl 2012). Proposal phase is related with the beginning statements related with the issues and issue resolving proposals. In bargaining phase, both negotiation parties present their requirements and discuss how to resolve the conflicts providing benefits for both groups. Finally settlement phase comes, where one or several beneficial decisions have been taken and the issues are completely resolved. Centralised Bargaining: Bargaining process can be categorized into two sectors, centralised bargaining and decentralised bargaining (Boeri 2014.). Social bodies are the channels for conduction of centralised bargaining process. These social bodies are government, employer and trade union groupings and more. Individualism is a part of centralisation or centralised bargaining process ((Pries and Seeliger 2013). Reaching to an agreement with a collaborative and easy approach, cost reduction associated with the negotiation and ease of application of decisions is the procedures to obtain individualism (Brue, McConnell and Macpherson 2016). However, smaller enterprises are avoided in this approach as the financial pressure has been neglected in this bargaining process. Centralisation combines the employers and union of employees together in a more focused way (Cazes, Khatiwada and Malo 2012). To eliminate the disputes in wages, employment relations and industrial relations, the importance of greater responsibility is reflected through this process and it helps to set the terms and conditions for the organisation (Hirsch et al., 2014). Application of centralisation in condition of work, employment relations and wages by the government creates awards (Jimeno and Thomas 2013). An example of this approach can be given from the central bargaining system of Australia from 1904 to 1990 (Dahl, Le Maire and Munch 2013). Awards can be defined as legal agreements on the basis of least wages and good working conditions for the employees. This is the result of combination of submission of both employers and union of employees. Advantages of Centralised Bargaining: There are various advantages of centralized bargaining process. The process provides a fix in wages that elevates workers equality and degree of justice of work (Hessami and Baskaran 2015). Economy management can be well maintained by any organisation due to more control over wage system and balance in employment relations. Introduction of awards within almost every sector in the organisation reduces the disputes among employees (Addison, Portugal and Vilares 2015). Wide scale implementation of this process increases the cost efficient benefits to the organisation and makes the employee training more efficient and it also causes dilution in the power of individual employee (Faia and Rossi 2013). Powers of abusive employees are reduced through this process. Main advantage of the process of collective bargaining that it significantly reduces the amount of strikes performed in the organisation. In this case this bargaining provides the employees protection in their work sectors as the e nd of the bargaining results in an agreement creating benefits for both employers and employees. The process also provides stability and security to the employees as probability of unlawful termination reduces and the employees of an organisation have a well constructed support system. Disadvantages of Centralised Bargaining: Flexibility of this bargaining system is not appropriate comparing to its theoretical model. The bargaining process for large organisations and for small organisations is almost comparable, which reduces the distinguishable components (Townsend, Wilkinson and Burgess 2013). Individual businesses are not being provided with enough opportunities, so that the organisation can make improvements in their employment and industrial relations and increase their productivity and profitability. Favours are achieved only by the large organisations due to availability of enough resources and capital (Jimeno and Thomas 2013). Amount of incentives for management participation is since the decisions are made outside of the organisation (Traxler and Brandl 2012). Decentralised Bargaining: Decentralisation means the distribution of responsibilities and authorities to the management at low level by the management of high level (Pekarek and Gahan 2016). As an opposition of centralisation the decision is made by the managers associated with each department or division regarding the whole organisation (Boeri 2014). Any issues within the organisation can easily be found out since each department have the allowance to determine the issues and take decisions to counter them. Organised economies contain decentralisation. Involvement of lower level authorities allows the functional level managers to enhance their performance and increases their freedom of work. Due to the collaboration of high level managers with low level managers, reduction occurs in the decision making time for an organisation (Dahl, Le Maire and Munch 2013). Allowance of more people into the decision making system of an organisation creates opportunity for more innovative input in the functionality of an or ganisation. Expansion of business processes through merging and new acquisitions can be explained thoroughly by decentralisation. Relationship standards are improved between employer and employee through this process due to industry level dealings between these two (Van Wanrooy et al. 2013). Team construction and workplace democracy is enhanced and thus optimization occurs in employee participation within the organisation (Bailey and Peetz 2013). Major focus of this process is specifically the sector of individual working. The process reduces the amount of disputes in resolution since individual workplaces have individual modes of operation and any dispute that is developed is solved individually (Hirsch et al., 2014). Advantages of Decentralised Bargaining: Main advantage of decentralised bargaining process or decentralisation is that it constructs a flexible system that fixes the issues in employment conditions taking account of every workplace characteristics (Faia and Rossi 2013). Communication between employees and employers get enhanced due to the distribution of decision making ability to the low level authority. Decision making becomes easier and fast and can be adopted within the working sector of the organisation within a quick span of time (McBride, Hebson and Holgate 2015). It improves the overall motivation of the employees and their co-operation. Rewards are given to individual employee for their better productivity. Maintaining the employment, an enhancement in the competitiveness in global context is promoted. Disadvantages of Decentralised Bargaining: Decentralised bargaining creates inequality between different skilled employee groups. The difference between skilled and unskilled employee is clearly observed from here (Brue, McConnell and Macpherson 2016). Economy management becomes difficult as the control of government over the wages diminished. Sometimes the process cannot resolve the issues of disputes in industrial relations (Pries and Seeliger 2013). Wide dispersion of the authority throughout the organisation develops co-ordination problems. Financial burden increases in an organisation and the result of it can be seen from less involvement of small scale enterprise (Addison, Portugal and Vilares 2015). The main disadvantage is that uniform policies cannot be followed throughout the whole organisation as different department of an organisation needs to follow different set of policies. Conclusion: Therefore, the discussion clearly explains the concepts of bargaining regarding employment relations and industrial relations. Progress of any organisation depends on its employees as well as authorities. Therefore, it is very important that the employment relationship within an organisation remains balanced. Often it has been seen that many issues generates within an organisation regarding labour wages and others that result in a strike and affects the reputation and productivity of the company. These issues can be solved in the primary stages with the implementation of proper negotiation which can be termed as bargaining. Two types of bargaining process have been discussed in the report, which targets specific size of organisations. These bargaining processes form proper negotiation regarding every issue between the two negotiating bodies, employer and employee. In any negotiation, generally both the negotiating parties contain requirements, which are discussed and analysed accordi ng to the issues and ultimately a solution is developed which is beneficial for both the negotiating parties. Centralised and decentralised bargaining processes have several advantages and disadvantages. The small enterprises are benefited by centralisation whereas large enterprises are benefited by decentralisation. Advantages of centralisation are leadership and proper collaboration and decentralisation are responsibility and burden sharing. Difference between the controls of both processes is that the first process provides inadequate control and the second process provides considerable control over the organisation. Depending on the structure of an organisation the bargaining process should be built up. The ultimate goal of this process is to balance the employment relationship within an organisation so that no dispute remains within and the organisation does not have to face employee problems like strikes and other issues. References: Addison, J.T., Portugal, P. and Vilares, H., 2015. Unions and collective bargaining in the wake of the great recession. Bailey, J. and Peetz, D., 2013. Unions and collective bargaining in Australia in 2012.Journal of Industrial Relations,55(3), pp.403-420. Boeri, T., 2014. Two-tier bargaining.Browser Download This Paper. Brue, S.L., McConnell, C.R. and Macpherson, D.A., 2016.Contemporary labor economics. McGraw-Hill Education. Cazes, S., Khatiwada, S. and Malo, M., 2012.Employment protection and collective bargaining: Beyond the deregulation agenda(No. 994719703402676). International Labour Organization. Dahl, C.M., Le Maire, D. and Munch, J.R., 2013. Wage dispersion and decentralization of wage bargaining.Journal of Labor Economics,31(3), pp.501-533. Faia, E. and Rossi, L., 2013. Union power, collective bargaining, and optimal monetary policy.Economic Inquiry,51(1), pp.408-427. Hessami, Z. and Baskaran, T., 2015. Has Globalisation Affected Collective Bargaining? An Empirical Test, 19802009.The World Economy,38(12), pp.1880-1911. Hirsch, B., Merkl, C., Mller, S. and Schnabel, C., 2014. Centralized vs. decentralized wage formation: The role of firms' production technology. Jimeno, J.F. and Thomas, C., 2013. Collective bargaining, firm heterogeneity and unemployment.European Economic Review,59, pp.63-79. McBride, A., Hebson, G. and Holgate, J., 2015. Intersectionality: are we taking enough notice in the field of work and employment relations?.Work, employment and society,29(2), pp.331-341. Pekarek, A. and Gahan, P., 2016. Unions and collective bargaining in Australia in 2015.Journal of Industrial Relations,58(3), pp.356-371. Pries, L. and Seeliger, M., 2013. Work and employment relations in a globalized world: The emerging texture of transnational labour regulation.Global Labour Journal,4(1), pp.26-47. Townsend, K., Wilkinson, A. and Burgess, J., 2013. Is enterprise bargaining still a better way of working?.Journal of Industrial Relations,55(1), pp.100-117. Traxler, F. and Brandl, B., 2012. Collective Bargaining, Inter?Sectoral Heterogeneity and Competitiveness: A Cross?National Comparison of Macroeconomic Performance.British Journal of Industrial Relations,50(1), pp.73-98. Van Wanrooy, B., Bewley, H., Bryson, A., Forth, J., Freeth, S., Stokes, L. and Wood, S., 2013.Employment relations in the shadow of recession: Findings from the 2011 Workplace Employment Relations Study. Palgrave macmillan.

Analyze The Procurement Methods Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Analyze The Procurement Methods. Answer: Introduction The success of a construction project is usually determined from the initial stages through the procurement process chosen. The procurement process will influence the whole construction process and able to determine the success of the construction projects. This paper will analyze three key procurement methods namely design and construct procurement method, management procurement method and collaborative procurement. This paper will analyse the positive and negative impacts, which are accrued when these methods are adopted in construction projects. Additionally, it will look at the benefits and risks, which the different stakeholders experience when either of the methods is chosen. Procurement methods Design and construct procurement One of the key procurement method, which is gaining popularity in construction projects, is the design and constructs procurement method. As the name suggests, the procurement method can allow the commencement of the construction phase while the design process is still on the process (Victorian State Government, 2006). The adoption of this method is usually done to ensure that the completion of the project is completed in time. Moreover, under this procurement method, different details of the project are given in advance and therefore enhancing the stakeholders planning. Additionally, under this method, the contractor can bear most of the risks in design and implementation of the project. The terms of the contract sum are provided through competitive pricing, which the client can control (Infrastructure Australia, 2012). Under this method, different approaches, which are able to define the relationship and responsibilities of different stakeholders, are usually stated. The following diagrams are able to highlight the different approaches, which are used when this method is applied in a construction project. Advantages Under this method, the client can control only one firm which they enter into a contract with regarding the project. The firm has the responsibility for design and construction of the project. The few stakeholders involved can increase the operational efficiency when implementing projects (Mortledge, Smith, and Kashiwagi, 2006). This is able to enhance the commitment of the resources to one area and limit the time of contacting different people separately such as designers and contractor. Overlapping of activities is possible which enhances the implementation cycle. Time is usually saved when the different activities take place at the same time, and this enhances completion of the project within the stipulated timeline. Moreover, the contractor has a contribution on the design parameters, and this enhances the constructibility of the project. Additionally, the cost of implementation is under control when this method is used. The maximum price is usually determined in the procurement stage, and this ensures that any escalation is met within the set budget. Disadvantages Nevertheless, this method has some key flaws, which are experienced when its chosen to implement construction projects. The project specifications can easily change according to the needs of the client. Since the lump sum cost is fixed, it creates a hard implementation time when the specification changes (National Research Council (U.S.), National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (U.S.), 2016). This can lead to an expensive project than it was anticipated before. Also, this method requires comparison of different designs. This may take a lot of time and therefore take up implementation timeline. Moreover, the client is required to commit to a concept design before the detailed and complete designs are completed. This raises high chances for changes while the project is under implementation stage and making the project expensive (Construction Specifications Institute, 2005). Moreover, the client has to prepare all the contract documents in advance and through this met hod, difficulties may be experienced, where the documents are inadequate and insufficiently comprehensive due to client limitation to prepare them. Benefits to stakeholders Several stakeholders involved in these projects can enjoy when it is chosen to implement a construction project. First, the client has limited risks since the contractor has much of the control of the project. This means that the contractor and not the client will sort out financial escalation. Secondly, the client can receive the completed project on time. This is because overlapping of activities is possible and gives the contractors and subcontractors enough time to beat the project deadline (Construction, 2016). The method enhances proper construction method by the contractor since they were involved in the design stages. This gives them ample time for implementation and enhancing the cooperation of the different ideas. Problems to stakeholders Some of the stakeholders are able to experience some problems when this method is chosen. First, the client is required to prepare the contract document, an exercise, which the client may, not be experienced in doing (Gould Joyce, 2014). The client may experience this problem when preparing the documents. Secondly, the contractor is able to bear all the risks and therefore when the costs exceed the contractor can experience the losses. When changes occur, the cost of the project is able to change but the lump sum cost is unlikely to change and therefore the contractor bears that additional cost. Preferred projects The projects, which their design scopes are unlikely to change, suit this procurement method. In addition, projects whose building is functional rather than prestigious aspects are more stresses suit this method (Gould, 2012). Simple projects, where the technical knowledge is limited suit this method for implementation. Lastly, projects, which require quick implementation, need a procurement method like this to ensure quick implementation. Management procurement Another upcoming procurement method in the construction projects is the management procurement. Under this procurement method, the client can appoint an independent professional team and a management contractor. This team can act as the adviser to the client in the preconstruction stages and able to carry out the construction works during the construction stage (Gould Joyce, 2014). In addition, under this method, different approaches can as well be used. Some of these methods include management contracting, construction management and design and manage. The different stakeholders under this method relate according to the following diagram Management contracting- this method requires the appointment of an independent professional team which will advise the client and later carry out the construction works (Austroads, 2007). Early start of the project can be achieved through this approach. Construction management this approach requires a management contractor who is able to determine the different project aspects (Arain, 2016). Work contractor is also chosen and enhance the implementation of the project works. The management contractor can manage the other contractors. Design and manage A contractor is chosen to head the design and implementation stage of the construction project. The works contractor and consultant take different responsibilities under this approach. Advantages There are different pros, which are achieved using this method. First, the client is able to choose a single firm, which he or she deals with. This enhances the management and coordination from the client perspective (Mortledge, Smith, and Kashiwagi, 2006). Additionally, overlapping of activities is possible through this method and therefore enhancing early completion of the project. Constructability is usually enhanced since the contractor is involved in the design stage when this method is chosen. Competitiveness in tendering process ensures value for money to the client. Additionally, all roles and responsibilities to the different stakeholders are usually stipulated and therefore minimising conflict of interest. Lastly, the flexibility of design is usually possible to suit the client preferences. Disadvantages First, this method is not certain about the cost of the project, and it is only known at the end of the project completion. This means that cost escalation can be able to increase and making the implementation stage hard. Additionally, the client is much involved in the process and therefore requires client who has knowledge of the construction process (Gould, 2012). Additionally, the client is able to lose the control of the design, a responsibility which constructors can take. This means clients needs may not be addressed fully (Harris, Mccaffer Edum-Fotwe, 2013). Lastly, clear definition of the implementation timeline and all information of the project is required before the implementation stage commences, which may be hard to provide. Benefits to stakeholder The client has an easy time in control of the single firm chosen to manage the project. This enhances the collaboration and coordination between the client and implementation team (Fewings, 2013). The methods provide enough time for the contractor to complete the project on time through the overlapping of activities. Additionally, the client can achieve the value of money for the project through the competitive tendering and selection of the implementation team. Each role and responsibility of the stakeholders is to know and therefore enhancing their operation. Problems to stakeholder The client is able to lose the control of the design aspects of the project. This means that their needs may not well articulated as they need. Since the client is not in the design and management part, the end product may not suit their needs (Fewings, 2013). The cost risk is available to the works contractor and the client. Since the cost is uncertain, changes on the cost are likely to occur and therefore likely to suppress the set budget. Informed client about the construction process is a key element to this method. A problem may arise on the management team when the client does not understand these processes. Preferred projects Simple projects, which the clients can understand, are most preferred to be carried out through this method. Projects, which can easily change also, require this method for their implementation. Collaborative procurement Under this method, different stakeholders in the construction project come together. The risks involved in the project are share according to the different responsibilities, which the shareholders have in the project (Gould, 2012). This procurement method requires stakeholders who can share the same ideas and aspects concerning the project. Under this method, the flow of different elements can be represented as in the following diagram. Advantages Transparency level is usually high under this method, and this is a key pro, which this method can bring in procurement sector (Centre for Excellence and Innovation in Infrastructure Delivery, 2010). The different parties are able to collaborate and able to bring the value of money to the project. High resource utilisation is also achieved in this method. Effective implementation of the project is usually achieved through the high consultation in the project. Different ideas are presented enhancing the innovations and implementation of the project. Lastly, due to the high involvement of stakeholders, the projected uncertainty is usually low. Disadvantages This method requires a lot of time during the implementation stage. This may lead to the project timeline to be exceeded (Arain, 2016). The high involvement and coordination require the high trust to the members. This level may not be possible. Opportunistic behaviour may arise and therefore increasing the risk of implementation. Benefits to stakeholders The client can forecast on their needs of the project through the early involvement in design stages (Gould, Joyce, 2013). This enhances the client to prepare and manage their resources for the project implementation. The contractors have an easy time in implementation due to different ideas from stakeholders. The high quality project is achieved for the client through the collaborative ideas. Problems to stakeholders The client may not receive the project on time due to the increased collaboration process. Trust issues among the stakeholders are a problem, which may affect the contractors working (Harris, Mccaffer Edum-Fotwe, 2013). Increased implementation timeline is a risk to the contractor since additional costs may accrue. Preferred project Complex project requires this method to enhance their implementation. Additionally, high project requires this method to take the advantage of different input from different people. Conclusion Procurement methods are key in the implementation of the construction project. The choice of the procurement method depends on the details of the project. Each method has its pros and cons and the areas, which they will perfectly suit to bring the best out of the projects. The different stakeholders can derive different benefits on each method, which is chosen. Additionally, the risk is a key part of the construction process and therefore whichever method is chosen, some problems may be experienced. References (2016). Construction. https://trrjournalonline.trb.org/toc/trr/2573. ARAIN, F. M. (2016). Construction project management research compendium. Volume 6 Volume 6. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truescope=sitedb=nlebkdb=nlabkAN=1365770. AUSTROADS (2007). Guide to project delivery: part 2: project delivery planning and control, by R Brown and P Robinson, AGPD02/07, Austroads, Sydney, NSW. BALDWIN, A., BORDOLI, D. (2014). A handbook for project planning and scheduling in construction. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=1666532. centre for excellence and innovation in infrastructure delivery (2010). Infrastructure procurement options guide, Centre for Excellence and Innovation in Infrastructure Delivery, Western Australia, Perth, WA. CONSTRUCTION SPECIFICATIONS INSTITUTE. (2005). The project resource manual: CSI manual of practice. New York, McGraw-Hill. FEWINGS, P. (2013). Construction project management: an integrated approach. Abingdon, Oxon, Routledge. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=1092840. GOULD, F. E. (2012). Managing the construction process: estimating, scheduling, and project control. Boston, Prentice Hall. GOULD, F. E., JOYCE, N. (2014). Construction project management. GOULD, F., JOYCE, N. (2013). Construction Project Management. Upper Saddle River, NJ, Pearson Education. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=4773308. HARRIS, F., MCCAFFER, R., EDUM-FOTWE, F. (2013). Modern construction management. Hoboken, N.J., Wiley-Blackwell. https://www.AUT.eblib.com.au/EBLWeb/patron/?target=patronextendedid=P_1132836_0. INFRASTRUCTURE AUSTRALIA. (2012). Efficiencies in major project procurement: volume 1: Benchmarks for efficient procurement of major infrastructure, Department of Infrastructure and Transport, Canberra, ACT. MORTLEDGE, R., SMITH, A., KASHIWAGI, D.T. (2006). Building Procurement. Blackwell, Oxford, UK. NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL (U.S.)., NATIONAL ACADEMIES OF SCIENCES, ENGINEERING, AND MEDICINE (U.S.),. (2016). Construction. (Transportation research record.) VICTORIAN STATE GOVERNMENT (2006). Project Alliance Practitioners Guide. Department of Treasury and Finance (https://www.dtf.vic.gov.au/projectalliancing)

Movie Summary The Shawshank Convention Essay Example

Movie Summary The Shawshank Convention Essay The Film ‘The Shawshank Redemption’ (1994) directed by Frank Darabont is about a mans journey from being falsely convicted of murder to escaping through a drain pipe. One incident in the film where TommyWilliams is murdered causes the attitude of the main character, Andy, to drastically change. The turn of events in the film causes Andy to lose hope and take the significant step of escaping the prison. Tommy Williams is a fellow prisoner who joins Andy in Shawshank deep into Andy’s sentence. Coincidentally he is also the one and only person aware of Andy’s innocence in the crime he is wrongfully convicted for.As expected after learning of this Andy immediately confronts Warden Norton in the hope of being released as new evidence has come to light, giving Andy hope. However, Andy is instantly shot down by the Warden, who seeks to continue exploiting Andy’s skills in handling and making his money. As Andy refutes the explanation the Warden gives on why Tommy testifying will not help, he is sentenced to a month in the â€Å"hole,† where darkness surrounds the flesh and light escapes each and every corner of the room. Acting on impulse, the Warden then orders Captain Hadley to execute Tommy in case if any issues were to arise shortly. The actions the Warden takes in the film are similar to what humans do to the present day. For our selfish and personal desi res we may sometimes be very inconsiderate of others and how our choices affect them, be it for money, fame and happiness and in the modern society selfishness can be hidden in all form of our lives from work to play. Darabont shows this ideal through the Wardens exploitation of Andy. We will write a custom essay sample on Movie Summary The Shawshank Convention specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Movie Summary The Shawshank Convention specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Movie Summary The Shawshank Convention specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Andy is released from the â€Å"hole† after an extended sentence due to him confronting the Wardens decision once again. He comes to learn that Tommy was killed, and the remaining hope left in him is shattered into pieces. Andy’s attitude is now portrayed to be distant and dull by the use of

Renewable Energy Sources Review Essay Sample

Renewable Energy Sources Review Essay Sample Renewable Energy Sources Review Essay Renewable Energy Sources Review Essay The environmental damage caused by the non-renewable resources, and their rapid depletion require to transfer the generation of heat and electricity to non-traditional sources of clean energy, especially renewable. There is a need to take urgent measures to make our energy supplies safe and ecological. Today, energy industries are major polluters of the environment. Therefore, the importance of alternative energy is obvious, because it plays a crucial role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and helps reduce the dependence on imported energy. Oil Resources vs. Renewable Energy Sources The renewable energy sources include: energy sources, such as burned biomass and waste (the solid biomass and animal products, biological mass, including any material of plant origin that are used directly as fuel or can be converted into other forms before combustion (wood, vegetable and animal wastes, charcoal, which is produced from solid biomass)), urban waste (materials that are burned to produce heat and power generation – waste of residential, commercial and public sectors), hydropower (potential or kinetic energy of water converted into electricity using hydro power plants, both large and small), geothermal energy (heat coming from the subsurface, usually in the form of hot water or steam. It is clear that there are much more renewable energy sources than non-renewable ones. This paper is going to discuss the importance of creating energy sources that are safe and friendly to the environment, the pros and cons of renewable energy sources, the effect of burning oil on t he atmosphere, the environmental consequences of oil resources as well as the solution to the problem the society faces today. The Effect of Burning Oil on the Atmosphere Today, most thermal and electric energy is obtained by burning fossil fuels and turning its chemical energy into electricity and heat. About 80% of all types of pollution of the biosphere is due to energy processes. Oil resources are burned in such quantities that the products of combustion (harmful and toxic gas emissions and aerosols) change the composition of the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere. Carbon dioxide CO2 is produced by burning fossil fuels, especially, oil. This is the base component, which causes the formation of greenhouse effect. As a result of incomplete combustion, carbon monoxide CO is extracted. It is the toxic gas that has harmful effect on the cardio-vascular system. CO2 molecules pass the wave of ultraviolet solar radiation, but absorb long-wave radiation in the infrared spectrum of frequencies that cause an increase in temperature of the atmosphere. Sulfur dioxide SO2 is one of the most toxic gaseous emissions of power plants. Heavy oil resources contain the greatest amount of sulfur. Sulfur dioxide affects the oxidation, destroys materials, and has harmful effect on human health. Nitrogen oxides are formed during combustion of any fossil fuel containing nitrogen compounds. Nitrogen oxides have harmful impact on human health, causing the formation of greenhouse effect and the destruction of the ozone layer. In addition, nitrogen oxides lead to forest extinction, acid rain and so on. The Importance of Creating Safe Energy Sources Analyzing the information mentioned above, it becomes clear why it is so important to create energy sources that are safe and friendly to the environment. The use of non-renewable source, especially, oil resources causes the formation of greenhouse effect†, destruction of the ozone layer, the increase in the temperature of the atmosphere, forest extinction, acid rain, etc. It also has a deleterious effect on people’s health, especially, on the cardio-vascular system. Thus, the need for creation of energy sources that are safe and friendly to the environment is determined by the following factors: Rapid growth in demand for electric energy and depletion of proven reserves of fossil fuels in the near future. The pollution of the environment by oxides of nitrogen and sulfur, carbon dioxide, from the combustion of fossil fuels. Replacing Energy from Other Sources The population consumes large amount of energy each year. For example, as stated in the article â€Å"U.S. total energy consumption by sector 2013†, â€Å"In 2013, approximately 21.09 quadrillion British thermal units of energy were consumed by the U.S. residential sector.† The USA has already consumed 20% of its energy (World Population Balance, n.d.). It is possible to replace this energy with the energy from other sources, for example, such sources as solar energy and wind power. Solar energy is the kinetic energy of the radiation, which is formed as a result of the thermonuclear reactions in the solar interior. Solar energy is one of those alternatives ignoring which will lead to the catastrophic consequences for humanity in the near future. Using solar energy is a progressive method for obtaining various types of energy. However, people began to think about the use of this technology only in the last century. Nowadays, there are the following technologies of solar energy: Active (solar energy is used for water heating, lighting, ventilation). Passive (a special feature of passive solar structure building for the organization of ventilation, heating or lighting is the selection of building materials of relevant physical parameters, specific planning of rooms, and placement of windows). Some of today’s solar technologies are natural lighting systems. They are used for decorating offices and dwellings as the alternative to electric lamps. In addition to aesthetic and psychological satisfaction, natural lighting systems help to save on electricity and are famous among connoisseurs of unusual architectural buildings. Solar roofing has come a long way over the last 20-30 years. Today’s solar panels are much more efficient than they have ever been. As the technology continues to improve, these solar roof kits will become a more practical alternative to fossil fuel based energy sources. (â€Å"Portable solar panels, solar energy kits and roof mount†, n.d.) Solar water heating setup – is the system of water heating in reservoirs, mainly for household needs. Today, China is the world leader in the use of such facilities, where solar collector heaters occupy 80 % of this particular market segment. According to Energy Saving Trust (n.d.), â€Å"Solar hot water is a green, renewable heating system and can reduce your carbon dioxide emissions.† Another modern solar technology is helio-concentrators. It is a method of focusing sunlight and producing electricity or heat with the use of reflectors (flat or parabolic mirrors of different shapes and sizes). These solar thermal systems are rare because of the high cost. These systems have been built and used in Spain and Portugal providing converted energy for different purposes. Another energy source is wind power which is one of the oldest sources of energy used by the mankind and, undoubtedly, one of the most economical ones. Mistaken claims about wind power often scare people away from the use of this energy source. However, wind turbines are the very promising way to obtain energy from clean sources, particularly, in terms of the increased cost of oil, gas, and coal and the shortage of natural resources. â€Å"Wind turbines can be used to generate large amounts of electricity in wind farms both onshore and offshore† (Wind turbines, n.d.). Nowadays, the wind power stations are everywhere. Using such modern technology as a wind turbine, these stations convert the mechanical energy of the wind into electricity. They are perfect for the needs of the developing countries. They can be put in place and connected to the power supply system in a shorter time and at lower cost compared to the introduction of large power plants with complicated infrastructure, for the production and transmission of electricity. Therefore, developing countries have a strong interest in wind power market. According to Wind Energy Foundation, Wind energy became the number-one source of new U.S. electricity-generating capacity for the first time in 2012, providing some 42% of all new generating capacity. In fact, 2012 was a strong year for all renewables, as together they accounted for more than 55% of all new U.S. generating capacity. One more present-day wind technology is a wind powered electric car invented by a brave Chinese farmer. By its characteristics the car can be compared to a conventional car. â€Å"What makes the one-seater special is the turbine on its nose. When the car reaches 40mph (64kph), the blades spring into the action and begin generating pollution-free power† (Chinese farmer invents wind-powered car, 2012). This Chinese auto inventor has spent more than a thousand dollars to build the car. However, the invention is worth it; he drives on the roads of the city and amazes people. There are many advantages of wind energy development including environmental and practical factors. The world total kinetic energy of wind can be roughly estimated as 80 times higher than the total energy. Modern wind energy is one of the most advanced and promising types of alternative energy. The Pros and Cons of Renewable Energy Sources Renewable energy sources have their pros and cons. The advantages of renewable energy are: They are virtually inexhaustible. It is an environmentally clean way to produce energy. It does not pollute the atmosphere, does not consume fuel and does not cause thermal pollution. There is no need for extraction, processing and delivering of fuel. There is no need for scarce high-temperature materials, with the exception of solar heat concentrators. Renewable energy sources can work without maintenance and are constantly renewed by the nature reserve. There is no need in energy transportation. The disadvantages of renewable energy are: The main disadvantage of most renewable energy sources is their potential energy volatility. Moreover, some of the renewable energy sources have their own disadvantages; however, they are not so important in comparison with advantages mentioned above. Wind power creates the noise of high frequency, so they require large areas of land for their placement. Solar energy also requires the use of large areas of land, but photovoltaic elements in large solar power plants are installed at a height of 1,8-2,5 meters, which allows to use the land below the power plant for agricultural purposes. The flow of solar energy to the Earths surface is highly dependent on latitude and climate. The average number of sunny days per year can be very different in various areas. The solar power is dependent on the day time and weather conditions. The Environmental Consequences of Oil Resources All oil resources are underground. In order to get them, a number of different machines and mechanisms should be used. Unfortunately, the production technology is not always perfect, which leads to negative consequences. The first problem is the exploitation of old fields. Most of them are not cemented, and this results in disrupted integrity and oil gets into groundwater. Nowadays, more and more developed countries introduce new production technology, but it does not save nature from pollution. In terms of exploration, there is a need to drill wells in order to determine the oil field, which adversely affects the exploration area. While extracting oil, the leak in the groundwater or surface may occur, causing irreparable damage. Oil extracting from the underground may cause the landslides. Oil burning leads to the formation of smog over major cities, the so-called greenhouse effect (carbon dioxide keeps heat of the sun, which can cause global warming), acid rain (when gaseous acidic oxides combine with water vapor in clouds, and when the rains fall, the water contains so much acid that it burns plants and poisons the soil and water). Oil wastes are also of great danger. During the processing of oil resources, many toxic substances may form. In addition, many resources are lost in transit. They litter the earth, seas and rivers. Particular damage can be cause by oil spilled into the sea or ocean. Spilled oil does not allow the sunlight penetration that is necessary for fish and algae. Birds and fish die from poisoning, suffocation or starvation. In order to prevent and reduce the impact of the oil resources on the nature, it is necessary to develop alternative renewable energy (wind, solar, tides, geothermal, etc.), which can reduce the need for fossil fuels and thus reduce emissions of toxic gases that lead to the greenhouse effect and acid rain. The existing boiler stations should have ultra-filtration and smoke purification systems. It is also necessary to learn how to neutralize wastes and recycle them. The conditions of transportation of resources should be improved. All these measures will help to restore stability and harmony between man and nature. Nature will not retaliate against man by bringing all sorts of natural disasters, and the man, in its turn, will make rational use of natural resources.

Anemia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Anemia - Essay Example clude fatigue, numbness and jaundice while the more severe symptoms include dizziness extremely high blood pressure, and heart attacks (Garrison 241). For successful diagnosis, it is crucial that the medical officer introspects into your medical history and family health records since anemia for instance sickle cell can be genetically acquired. They will then check for the aforementioned signs and carry out tests, which may include; complete blood count (CBC), measuring the levels of vitamin B12 and Folate on rare occasions, the doctor may take a sample of bone marrow. The doctor will then administer treatment depending on the cause including fluids and blood transfusions in most cases, anemia caused by loss of blood can be treated by treating the cause of blood loss. Today, advanced methods of treating anemia are being developed such as gene therapy and bone marrow transfer and while still in the early stages they portend consummate improvements in the field(Garrison 2009). Ultimately, the treatment and prognosis of Anemia are relative to the severity, when it caused by bleeding such as an ulcer, one is likely to recover. When treated in the early stages, it is more likely to be cured, however, in elderly people it is more difficult to remedy than with the younger